Individual Learner Difference In Second Language Acquisition Education Essay

SLA ( Second linguistic communication acquisition ) is a procedure through which an person learns a 2nd linguistic communication as an extra linguistic communication after holding learned a native linguistic communication already. SLA involves wide research and is considered a subdivision of applied linguistics. The construct is besides related to instruction, neuroscience sociolinguistics, and psychological science. Learning a 2nd linguistic communication is non an easy undertaking, this is a pattern that involves committedness, survey, dedication, patient every bit good as clip in order to develop. Peoples who learn a 2nd linguistic communication do non make it because is merely a compulsory topic at school, but because they feel encouraged to larn it, sing factors such us, communicating with aliens, academic surveies and better chances to happen a good occupation. Research has shown that there are differences among 2nd linguistic communication scholars that significantly affect linguistic communication acquisition success. As a consequence, the survey of single differences ( IDs ) particularly in linguistic communication acquisition motive and linguistic communication aptitude has been attributed to researches on L2 surveies dating back to the sixtiess. Motivation is what guides people to carry through and be successful in all countries of life. Sing the schoolroom environment, this term is the footing of how enthusiastic or unwilling pupils are to larn and the counsel force to keep the extended and sometimes boring learning procedure. Both the grade of motive and educational success often seem to travel manus in manus, which can be clearly observed throughout the instruction pattern. This essay seeks to research and discourse in item one person scholar difference in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition, which is motive. Apart from specifying the term, sing different writers, the essay will besides include the analysis of the assorted types of motive, every bit good as, the function motive plays in 2nd linguistic communication schoolrooms. And eventually, ways of furthering motive will be proposed. The term Motivation in SLA One of the single scholar differences in SLA is motive, which is a term hard to specify, since its significance could depend on the persons and their civilizations. Dornyei ( 2002: 1 ) says that motive â€Å" is best seen as a wide umbrella term that covers a assortment of significances † , but at the same time this writer besides describes motive as the factor in charge of finding why persons decide to transport out an action, the sum of attempt people invest in the undertakings every bit good as the rate of doggedness people put when finishing assorted activities. Alike Dornyei, Passer and Smith ( 2004: 327 ) perceive motive as â€Å" a procedure that influences the way, continuity and energy of purposive behavior † . Harmonizing to Gardner ( 1985 ) , motive is what makes people to move towards a given state of affairs. Taking into consideration all these definitions which province what the term of motive is, it can be deduced that the construct refer to some type of energy that guides persons to set about a undertaking in their lives. The motivated linguistic communication scholar Lightbown and Spada ( 2002 ) point out that motive is a factor that plays an of import function in linguistic communication acquisition success. In the context of linguistic communication acquisition is what pushes a student to derive cognition of the English linguistic communication. The importance of motive in relation to accomplishing the ends of larning English as a Second Language harmonizing to Naiman et Al, ( 1978 ) is that it gives the scholar the ability to digest ambiguity ; a demand for accomplishment ; a positive orientation towards the undertaking ; high aspirations ; ego engagement ; doggedness and end orientation. Therefore, a motivated linguistic communication pupil is a individual who has positive attitudes towards the mark linguistic communication. These attitudes are shown when the 2nd linguistic communication scholar makes attempts to get the linguistic communication and has a consistent desire of analyzing and detecting new and extra stuff. Furthermore, looking f or chances and ways where he or she will be able to set in pattern the mark linguistic communication. An extra manner of specifying a motivated scholar is when larning the 2nd linguistic communication is a comfy state of affairs for the learner, taking pleasance in the undertakings involved. Furthermore, a student that experience a high degree of motive will doubtless experience pleased about larning the linguistic communication. Research workers have arisen several accounts of what encourages scholars to analyze a foreign linguistic communication ; they have found that motivational factors are cardinal at the clip of talking about 2nd linguistic communication success. Types of motive As it was mentioned earlier, there are diverse significances for motive in SLA, irrespective of the words they fundamentally refer to the same impression. Besides, there are different factors which slightly vary depending on the writers ‘ points of position. I will mention in this essay to the different types of motive, taking into consideration different writers. Extrinsic and Intrinsic motive: The words extrinsic and intrinsic are to some extent complicated, given that both footings do non look to hold a clear definition in the field of 2nd linguistic communication acquisition. Passer and Smith ( 2004 ) citation extrinsic and intrinsic motive, even though Noels ( 2002 ) uses the footings extrinsic and intrinsic orientations. For these writers, Passer and Smith and Noel, extrinsic signifies that people carry out an action to carry through an external end or evade penalty, while by intrinsic motive the writers wholly mean that pupils do activities, due to the satisfaction they get from the undertakings themselves. Activities that motivate pupils per se are likened to gratifying activities, merriment, or things that pupils do out of their ain pick. Some of the conducted surveies assert that per se actuating activities lead to improved acquisition by the pupils. The difference between Passer & A ; Smith ( 2004 ) and Noels ( 2002 ) is merely the impression motive and orientatio ns, in position of the fact that both footings involved different attacks of motive. The initial term proposes that the motive itself comes from outside or within ; while the term orientation suggests that it is instead the different triggers of motive that comes from outside or within. Although, Glasser ( 1996 ) does non utilize the footings intrinsic and extrinsic, he provides a 3rd path to see where motive comes from. He states that motive is produced seeking to fulfill the indispensable desires which all human existences own. For case, the demand of amusement. He points out that even if a individual is influenced by the environment, all motive still comes from inside the person, because it is he or she who truly choose whether or non and how to transport out an activity. Though I concur with Glasser that merely the persons are the 1s who make their ain determinations, I think that what motivates people, are factors which can be both external and internal. Alternatively, Garden and Lambet ( 1972 ) coined the undermentioned footings to sort motive. Integrative Motivation Garden and Lambet ( 1972 ) depict this term as the desire that the scholars have to familiarise themselves with the civilization of the cultural group that speaks the linguistic communication they intend to larn. Gardner ( 2002 ) himself perceives Integrativeness as one of the factors that conduct to motive for 2nd linguistic communication acquisition, and by this he suggests that whether scholars have the hope to come nearer the L2 community they will hold existent desire in larning and analyzing the 2nd linguistic communication. Besides, the term besides refers to the grade at which the scholar desires to understand the mark community. Basically, integrative motive refers to a scholar ‘s desire to spread out their association with the community that they are aiming. Saville – Troike, ( 2005 ) affirm that the chief triggers of this type of motive are emotions or affectional factors. For case, a Chilean male child who come to populate in London for a clip, run into an En glish miss and autumn in love with her. He will hold the desire and motive to larn English in order to pass on with his girlfriend and integrate into the new civilization and go portion of the community. As Chile is chiefly a monocultural society, opportunities to use the 2nd linguistic communication in day-to-day conversations are reasonably limited. Therefore, scholars do non experience motivated to larn the 2nd linguistic communication to go portion of the community, since they merely need their first linguistic communication to interact. It can be discussed that integrative motive is an intrinsic factor, because it implies that larning a 2nd linguistic communication is more a concluding purpose itself instead than a mean to carry through a concluding end, due to the reliable desire on the acquisition undertakings ( Noels ( 2002 ) . Instrumental Motivation: One more term that Gardner and Lambert made up is instrumental motive which Lightbown & A ; Spada ( 2002: 56 ) introduce as â€Å" linguistic communication acquisition for more immediate or practical ends † . Very similar to integrative motive, instrumental motive besides sees linguistic communication acquisition as an instrument to carry through a end instead than the satisfaction in the action itself. However, what distinguishes both footings is the concluding purpose, which in integrative motive is the interaction in the L2 community while in instrumental motive the ultimate end is more practical, for case, obtaining a better occupation, calling developmental or go throughing tests. For most Chilean scholars of English instrumental motive is the cardinal component at the clip to larn English as a 2nd linguistic communication. For Lightbown & A ; Spada ( 2002 ) both types of motive are of import, they say that whether the pupils feel the necessity to interact in the 2nd linguistic communication in assorted societal state of affairss or to carry through academic and professional aspirations, the communicative value of the foreign linguistic communication will be perceived and hence, they will experience encouraged to acquire proficiency in the linguistic communication. I agree with the writers that both types of motive are of import to get a 2nd linguistic communication, However for Chilean people integrative motive is far to be seen as a ground to analyze the 2nd linguistic communication due to the fact that Chile, as I mentioned earlier, is a monocultural and monolingual society. Classroom Learning Motivation V. Language Learning Motivation When sing 2nd linguistic communication acquisition and motive, it is of import to set two motivational concepts into consideration. Research has shown that there are two classs of motive that should be put into history when discoursing SLA. This mainly trades with the difference that exists between schoolroom larning motive and linguistic communication learning motive. Language learning motive refers to the desire to larn a 2nd linguistic communication. Language learning motive includes evaluated 2nd linguistic communication acquisition, socio-educational representation ( Gardner, 1985 ) , the readiness to discourse theoretical account ( Clement, Dornyei, MacIntyre & A ; Noels, 1998 ) among others. It is the cosmopolitan type of motive that applies to any context of larning a linguistic communication. The cosmopolitan properties of the scholar relate to the demand to larn the linguistic communication. Clement ‘s ( 1980 ) societal context theoretical account, Gardner ‘s ( 1985 ) SLA social-education theoretical account among others, agree that the motive or desire to larn a 2nd linguistic communication is a characteristic that has considerable effects on the single although they are different when it comes to assessment, correlatives and ancestors. The other type of motive is the larning motive in a schoolroom. Harmonizing to Heckhausen and Kuhl ( 1985 ) , classroom-learning motive is the general educational psychological science as described by Dornyei ‘s theoretical account of post-actional, actional, and pre-actional motive theoretical account. Although it is seen to be an of import portion to motive as a whole, the SLA socio-educational theoretical account by Gardner, ( 1985 ) , characterizes it. The chief focal point is the individual ‘s position on the mission to be achieved and to a big extent, it is province oriented. This means that a figure of issues that are related to the linguistic communication category will impact the person ‘s perceptual experience. As a consequence, the ambiance in the category, the instructor, the contents of the class, installations and stuffs combined with the pupil ‘s personal properties will impact the individual ‘s motive when it comes to classroom acquisitio n. It is difficult to distinguish between the two classs of motive because they control the person at any peculiar clip. Therefore, it is of import to see both categories of motive operative. Merely every bit difficult as it is to specify motive, it is every bit hard to give an account to the significance of larning a 2nd linguistic communication. Harmonizing to Gardner, the motivational strength can merely be estimated from questionnaires based on an person ‘s attitude and is considered to be a concealed psychometric feature. Other educational patterns have applied the usage of indexs that have been observed from person ‘s behaviour in response to a given undertaking. This depends on the individual ‘s choice of undertakings, which is determined by the degree of trouble, the doggedness of the scholar to undertake the job at manus, the extent at which an person participates in a group or category activities, the span of attending and focal point, or the qualitative info rmation available on spoken studies of self-regulation and self-monitoring. The new research plan by Crookes and Schmidt ( 1991 ) includes the promotions made in the cosmopolitan educational, which has narrowed to the field of linguistic communication larning motive. This directs its focal point on persons, the attacks that the scholar might implement in the acquisition procedure, the acquisition contexts, and the discernible behavior of category members. Following the origin of the new lineation, the countries of involvement have shifted to the scholar as an person. In Covington ‘s self-worthy theory ( 1998 ) , the importance of the scholar ‘s thoughts were emphasized, their ain beliefs, the scheme they use, and the degree of their desire to cover with the undertaking at manus. The self- efficaciousness construct by Bandura ( 1997 ) is a really of import related characteristic which assesses the degree at which scholars gauge their possible and their ain direction. Persons who have this ability come up with an efficient motivational thought sche me and are able to cut down the hazard of failure and increase their opportunities of success while depending less on outside obligatory steps and schemes. Motivation: Individual Learner Difference in Chilean Culture Clement and Noels ( 1996 ) indicate that the cultural scenes present different linguistic communication acquisition and single scholar differences. In the Chilean cultural scene, the motive to larn the English linguistic communication offer some challenges to the scholars due to most of the pupils who attend Chilean public schools are in societal hazard. In add-on, many of the scholars may be discouraged to set personal attempt in larning the linguistic communication because of the fact that they may non happen the linguistic communication utile outside the educational scene. Others may be of the sentiment that their opportunities of going to a state where English is spoken as a native linguistic communication are instead minimum. Furthermore, challenges that come with learning a category that has many pupils may impact the effectivity of the instructors and the quality of the lesson. This together with the small involvement towards larning the English linguistic communication may ac t upon negatively the motive to learn every bit good as the motive to larn. Fostering Motivation The best ways to further motive is to make a good environment, which is good for 2nd linguistic communication acquisition. This can be done by cut downing the figure of pupils per category to guarantee that the direction given by the English instructors is of good quality. The instructors should besides come up with programs that apply to both slow scholars and fast scholars so as to guarantee that those who do non hold on rapidly are non left far behind because this may demotivate them to go on larning. The schools may see originating exchange plans with schools where English is the native linguistic communication. This would give pupils the feeling that analyzing English is non an attempt in vain but a measure in the right way since it would assist them in procuring occupations and touring other parts of the universe. Furthermore, instructors should come up with a timetable that gives us adequate clip to fix for our categories by acquiring the necessary stuffs every bit good as ref lecting on the success of the plan. This would assist us in coming up with a better program to learn hence bettering our learning methodological analysis. It would besides assist instructors find ways of actuating their ain pupils. With the relevant governments guaranting that, schools are good equipped to learn English as a 2nd linguistic communication, pupils will be motivated to larn and instructors will be motivated to learn. Decision The above treatment has provided an analysis of motive as an single scholar difference. There have been legion research surveies researching single scholar differences, which have indicated that the chief ground why many L2 pupils fail while others win effortlessly is the presence of different pupil features such as linguistic communication aptitude, motive, or personality traits. The motive of the pupil is really of import in the acquisition procedure and is regarded as the cardinal factor that contributes to the success of SLA. Research has revealed that intrinsic motive is more successful than external or extrinsic motive over the long term. Some pupils ‘ larning rate is higher as compared to others. Some scholars are able to hold on rapidly and they go on to the degree of making near-native competency while slow scholars experience troubles in the early phases of the acquisition procedure. Recently conducted research has shown that this disparity is caused by the peculiar s cheme adopted by the scholar, motive, anxiousness, personality, every bit good as social and societal influences. Research has clearly shown that the strength of the pupil ‘s motive to its highest degree, including the cognitive, affectional, and behavioural constituents are the most of import facets towards success in SLA. Since the integrative motivation incorporates the facet of being unfastened to cultural designation as portion of the procedure, it tries to connote that integrating may be more affiliated to accomplishing highest degree of accomplishment as compared to other types of motive that do non hold this constituent. Classroom larning motive seems to be a system that encourages persons to get specific linguistic communication elements but for the pupils to be Masterss of the linguistic communication, more is needed. In my sentiment, the integrative motive provides the pupils with a better platform for SLA. A instructor ‘s function in the procedure of larning a 2nd linguistic communication is instead complicated but really of import. It surpasses the proviso of wages since the whole experience is dependent on the self-efficacy of the pupil. The instructor ‘s function entails supplying disputing yet supportive environment to let the pupils to larn and research their possible. The instructors are besides supposed to assist their pupils to develop their ain motivational thought by detecting their original orientation. The most ambitious facet in all of this is seeking to avoid anything that may de-motivate the pupils. Although it is really much possible to conceive of other signifiers of motive, the type of motive does non count really much. The difference that emerges between instrumental and integrative motive, or between extrinsic and intrinsic motive does really small in assisting us to understand the function that motive dramas in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition.

Darkest Sins and Heavenly Shows: the Nature of Iago’s Villainy in Shakespear’s Hamlet

William Shakespeare’s Othello is a classic work of tragedy named after its protagonist. It is a compelling piece of literature due to the intentions and subsequent actions of not the noble Moor but of his ensign or ancient. The character of Iago is responsible for the conflict within the story. He is villain who manipulates the other characters by assessing and exploiting their weaknesses with complete lack of conscience, and he accomplishes this trickery by employing clever use of language.His methods consist of taking advantage of Roderigo’s feelings towards Desdemona – Othello’s lover – and using the trust that Cassio and Othello have for him against them, and he does it to great effect. As previously stated, Othello is not the only character in this play with feelings for Desdemona. Roderigo is a Venetian gentleman who has long pined for her affections, even going as far to pay Iago to assist him in winning her heart. Unfortunately for Roderigo, Iago does not have his best interests in mind, stating â€Å"Thus do I ever make my fool my purse.For I mine own gained knowledge should profane if I would time expend with such a snipe but for my sport and profit† (1. 3. 382-385). Based on this admission, one must concede that Iago is aiding Roderigo purely to satisfy his own desires. Another display of Iago’s manipulative villainy can be found in Act 2 when he makes Roderigo believe that Cassio would be next in line to win Desdemona’s love if her and Othello were no longer married as he witnessed the two holding each other’s hand (2. 1. 251-252).He goes on to suggest that Roderigo provoke Cassio in some way (2. 1. 264-268) which results in Cassio’s loss of rank and ultimate disgrace. In essence, this diabolical act stems from Iago’s jealousy toward Cassio. In fact, it could be argued that Iago hates Cassio almost as much as he hates Othello for passing on him and promoting Cassio to the r ank of lieutenant (1. 1. 7-32). Cassio trusts Iago, and the scoundrel uses that trust and his reputation as an honest man to cause the good lieutenant to fall from grace.For instance, Iago pressures Cassio to have another drink while socializing with the other officers, which puts him in a vulnerable state(2. 3. 26-29). A combination of Roderigo’s provocation and Cassio’s uncharacteristic ill temperament leads to the incident which results in the lieutenant’s embarrassment and loss of title. Putting his trust in Iago once again, he accepts the mischief-maker’s advice to speak with Desdemona, hoping that she can sway Othello to change his mind.This, of course, is part of Iago’s plan to make it appear that the two are having an affair. In a famous line from the text, Iago whispers to the audience â€Å"when devils will the blackest sins put on they do suggest with heavenly shows as I do now (2. 3. 346-348). In doing so, he plans to â€Å"pour pesti lence into his ear† (2. 3. 351). This course of action causes Othello to further doubt not only Cassio but Desdemona as well, helping Iago achieve his principal goal of destroying Othello by ruining his marriage and removing the influence of his true friends.Lastly and most importantly, Othello is a character who pays more dearly for Iago’s villainous deeds than any other. Being a military man in a strange land, he often feels isolated and insecure, seeking the counsel of Iago, a fellow soldier who he trusts above all others. Othello declares Iago to be very truthful, saying â€Å"O brave Iago, honest and just, thou has a noble sense of thy friend’s wrong† (5. 1. 31-33). Meanwhile, Iago relishes the thought of manipulating his superior, declaring â€Å"Make the Moor thank me, love me, and reward me for making him egregiously an ass† (2. . 317-320). Iago then continues his plot by influencing Othello to doubt Desdemona’s loyalty by making him believe that his race played a part in her alleged infidelity. He does this by saying â€Å"The did deceive her father, marrying you, and when she seemed to shake and fear your looks she loved them most† (3. 3. 207-209). His reference to her face being â€Å"begrimed and black† as his own (3. 3. 390-391) suggest that he hates himself somewhat for being black. He also refers to their unnatural marriage as â€Å"nature erring from itself† (3. 3. 229).Iago then replies by saying that she refused other suitors of her â€Å"own clime, complexion, and degree†, which is a subtle implication that Othello is not on the same human level as the other Venetian men. This evidence makes the possibility of Desdemona’s infidelity more credible upon the discovery of the handkerchief – the symbol of her fidelity or lack thereof in Othello’s eyes – which solidifies Othello’s belief that his wife has been untrue. To conclude, the nature of Iago’s villainy in Shakespeare’s Othello is that of pure manipulation, brought about by masterful use of wit, language, and â€Å"heavenly shows†.The most remarkable aspect of his villainy was that he was able to accomplish so much without physically having to do anything, using people as pawns to exact his sadistic revenge. He remains defiant until the very end, refusing to explain himself, remarking â€Å"Demand me nothing. What you know you know† (5. 2. 300). Although the other characters, and the audience, are flabbergasted by such refusal, it seems like fitting conclusion for such a character, toying with people’s minds and emotions even in the face of death.

Tooth Fairy Belief

There have been so many things I have believed in since I was a child but have discovered they were not true as I grew up. Knowing that these beliefs are untrue has helped me form my opinions about life. The greatest myth I have believed in was the Tooth Fairy. However, I am glad I found out it was not real because it taught me that in life you have to work for what you want. I can recall a memory I have of when my first tooth fell out. I was five years old when I started to lose my teeth. I was so afraid to pull out my falling teeth but my mom would tell me that it was not that painful and that if I pulled it out I would see the benefits. Then she began to tell me the story about the Tooth Fairy and how she would leave a dollar under my pillow in exchange for my teeth. Of course I listened to my mom, I did as she said and twisted my tooth until it was really loose and pulled it out. I was so excited to get money so I quickly put my tooth under my pillow and went to sleep anxious to receive money the next morning. To my surprise I found a dollar in quarters the following morning. This made me believe that indeed the tooth fairy was real. Every time I would lose a tooth I wouldn’t be scared to pull it out anymore. In fact, it became an addiction for me because I wanted all my teeth to fall out quickly so I could receive more money. My experience with the Tooth Fairy made me believe that everything in life was free. This belief actually shaped my ideas of the world. For instance, I thought that good things could happen with a little bit of effort. By believing in the Tooth Fairy I thought that anything was possible without having to work hard. My discovery about the Tooth Fairy being untrue changed my life in a positive way. As time progressed and I matured, I realized that it was not the Tooth Fairy that put money under my pillow but instead it was my mom. The way I found that the Tooth Fairy did not exist happened one night I lost my tooth. I was very curious to know who the Tooth Fairy was; therefore I acted as if I was asleep. Soon I saw my mom enter my room and since I slept with a night light I was able to see her face. I didn’t make it obvious that I saw her because I did not want to embarrass her. I waited until the next morning to tell her that I had found out the truth. When I told her about my discovery, she denied it instantly. She said I must have dreamt that I saw her. Later when she had no other excuse, she admitted it. I understood her because she said that the story makes this sort of tradition more exciting. When you believe in a fairy or other things such as Santa Clause, it makes things seem more magical. It is a thrill to be anxious the next morning and receive money or gifts. It wouldn’t be so fun to know your parents are the ones who do all of these things for you because you see them everyday and can ask them for what you want. It wasn’t a deception to discover this was all a lie. In fact, I was grateful to know that the Tooth Fairy did not exist because I learned that things in life have to be earned. Some of my thoughts and opinions towards life changed for good after realizing that the Tooth Fairy was a myth. First, I used to live in a world of fantasy when I was younger. I also used to believe that I could get anything I asked for in life and that I had to put little effort to get the things I desired. Now that I am grown up I realize that it is not easy to get a mansion by asking for it but rather working hard for it. The way that I came into these opinions is by comparing how my life used to be before when I believed in the Tooth Fairy to now that I know the truth. When I used to think the Tooth Fairy would leave me money in exchange for my teeth , I used to think that I could just get things the easy way. It is very different now because I realized that there is not a Tooth Fairy giving me money to pay for my college books and tuition. The world we live in is very complicated to survive in if you do not occupy yourself into something that will help you succeed. Money will not rain from the sky or be left magically under a pillow. This is why it is important to work to achieve our goals! I believe that the more you try or the greater effort you put, the greater are the chances that you will get what you most desire. Parents should not tell their children false stories because sometimes those stories can affect them in their lives. Some stories affect children’s mentality because children are vulnerable. For example, some children that believe in the Tooth Fairy can take extreme measures such as trying to pull ut others teeth just to obtain money. This can be very harmful to other children because a child might harm another kid to try and knock their teeth out just for the sake of earning some money. I am aware that some parents tell their children lies to make them act right. However, parents need to take in consideration that children are not going to think about behaving well but rather do the things that benefit them. If they can g et money under their pillow just for a tooth they will beat up any other kid just too simply get their teeth. It seems insane but it is true that children go way beyond to get what they want. Finally, discovering that the tooth fairy was not real changed the person I am today. If I hadn’t believed in the Tooth Fairy I may not have learned so many lessons in my life. The greatest lesson I have learned so far is that nothing in this world is free. Life puts us through many challenges that we need to overcome in order to achieve those things we want. No matter how hard you have to work for something it will pay off in the end!

The Essence of Writing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Essence of Writing - Assignment Example 1. The first tip of Roberts is that the writer should discard all the obvious ideas and content that comes to his mind in the initial stages of brainstorming. The obvious ideas are common to everyone and will not make any unique statement. Hence, to get fresh and revolutionary ideas that are different from others, the writer should build the paper based on those ideas that are hidden under the obvious ideas. 2. The second way to impress the reader is by taking the unusual side in the argument. By taking the side which will be avoided by most people, the content will have the touch of ‘unexpected’ element. The uniqueness will grab the attention of the reader and will keep him hooked. 3. The third tip pieces of advice to make the writing clear, illustrative and concrete, in order to make the reader actually feel the scenario which is being discussed in the paper. The abstraction does not create the magic and impact which the concrete and descriptive writing create. Hence, giving examples, real or imaginary, while making your point, gives a life to the argument and makes it convincing. 4. The author says that even if the writer has only a few points to discuss, he should not fill the paper with useless words. Instead, he should get into the details of those few points and fill the required word limit with the help of illustration and details of the points. This might make the content short, but it will have power. 5. The fifth tip is to be courageous and bold enough to express whatever one wants to express without wasting the words in beating around the bush. The writer should avoid using unnecessary words to hide his critical language or bluntness. 7. To make the content interesting, gripping and lively, the writer should use the words which makes the reader to ‘feel’ the content.However, these words, known as ‘colorful words,’ should be used according to the trend of the time 8.  The writer should be prudent while using the words which have mental associations. These words, known as coloured words, have great power to recreate the feelings that are associated with these words.

International Business Examination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

International Business Examination - Essay Example First stage In the first stage, the emphasis is on research and development that is focused on new product development. The firm is able to maintain its leverage in the market due to high demand for the product which has relatively few competitions. The stage is also marked by high profitability which gives further thrust to technology and processes. But the new product has smaller domestic market. The first stage is inherently linked to strategic initiatives of the firm which are used to exploit its competitive advantage to progress to the next level. Second stage The second stage of product’s life cycle is process of maturing which leads to competition because other firms compete on variations of the product putting downward pressure on the prices. This necessitates the innovating firm to expand globally and focus on technology and intense marketing to maintain its niche market position. The phase also highlights growth of the firm with higher emphasis on internationalizatio n in order to gain leverage by shifting production to new location in other countries with low production cost and increase profit. The near standardisation of product results in established technologies, low focus on R&D and growing domestic and export market. FDI emerges as attractive option mainly for two reasons: to ease out price pressure from the domestic market; and to overcome the barriers of import in foreign countries and lower production cost (Krugman & Obstfeld, 2009). Moreover, the stage is also relevant because it provides opportunities for firms to expand their market internationally and create new avenues of growth. Third stage In this phase, the product is matured and completely standardised and there is intense competition. With market saturation, the production is moved to overseas production sites with low production cost so that finished goods can be re-imported from these locations for home market with higher profit margin. Some scholars believe that the maturi ty of the product accelerates R&D to infuse it with greater value added service so that it can serve the changing needs of the customers as new product (Leinwand & Mainardi, 2010). This is interesting because it promotes the concept of recycling of products and product cycles to constantly improve and improvise market. Thus, firms can maintain their niche position through constant innovation and growth in new market and existing market. 1(b) In the 21st century, the model provides a realistic description of firm internationalization. The stage approach is supported by various scholars who believe that sequential progression in the stages of product life cycle creates linkages for internationalization of firms (Li, 2007; Johanson & Vahlne, 1990). The virtual economy, liberalization of market and most importantly, the inter-dependence of resources promote expansion of market and serve as major imperative for internationalization of firm. The innovative firm in the developed country fi rst serves domestic market and gradually expands to other developing nations to serve local markets to leverage increasing competition. Later emerging markets provide them with locations that are cost effective in terms of production and become attractive. Most importantly, in the 21st

Conscientious Objection by Health Care Providers Essay

Conscientious Objection by Health Care Providers - Essay Example This essay stresses that a patient’s self-determination and exasperated autonomy, within these practices, has given rise to a new principle of professional integrity to protect the doctor’s conscientious objections if the request of the patient or his or her family appears to defy some fundamental human rights. Therefore, this paper strives to identify and describe the moral and legal criteria under which health care providers may decline or accept to provide healthcare treatments over the objection of patients and/ families. This paper makes a conclusion that health care personnel had the legal rights to provide healthcare treatments over the objection of the children’s families. Those paediatricians who were from the same communities also had to go against their religious beliefs, and administer vaccine to the affected children because they feared being held liable should unvaccinated children contract this disease, which could have been prevented through vaccination. â€Å"Medical neglect† is a legal concept that refers to the failure of a guardian or parent to obtain the required medical care for a child in spite of having the ability to do so. Health care personnel with moral objection to certain health care services have the right to inform their supervisors or colleagues to these objections. This is a necessary to minimize the disruption of health care delivery and burdens on other health care providers.

Productive and Counterproductive Behaviors Paper Essay

Productive and Counterproductive Behaviors Paper - Essay Example For example, an employ who is ready to work overtime for the completion of certain project will definitely improve the productivity of the organization. On the other hand the one who never finishes his work in time will always be a burden to the organization. Even a single employ can sometimes spoil the entire production activity of a manufacturing unit. Absenteeism, accidents, deviant behaviors, and turnover are some of the counterproductive behaviors. (Salgado) Unnecessary and uninformed absenteeism can create problems to the overall activities of an organization since the manager needs to find substitutes only at the last moments and may be forced to postpone certain activities which will reduce the productivity of the organization. Deviant behaviors such as breaking company rules and norms, turnover behavior such as slow adaptation to labor scheduling to cover lost productivity etc can affect the organization drastically. Making helpful comments during discussion, making notes (or other writing) to organize efforts, exhibits aggressive attention to detail, exhibits constant and effective creative thinking, exhibits leadership, skillful time management, punctual (starts work on time) works to end of time; doesnt knock off early doesnt wander or distract during work time etc are productive behaviors. (Productive Behaviors) An executive who is working in Production Planning Control (PPC) department of an organization is responsible for planning the entire production activities of a shift based on the inventory he has taken. If he fails to record the correct inventory his planning will go wrong and hence the entire production activities will be disturbed due to poor planning and the organization’s productivity in that shift will be reduced considerably. On the other hand another planning executive who is able to

Application for scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Application for scholarship - Essay Example Features of mathematics and its ‘divine’ principles have always haunted my leisure times. Some specific conundrums that I find appealing include phi constant and the magic squares. Based on my love for math I have selected an Associate Degree in Math, and later Masters in Statistics as a worthwhile course to study, as it alone can quench my thirst to break into the fields of math. In reality Statistics is a course which lures many into its realms, but only a few diligent personalities in the end, can climb the stairs to reach the top of the building of success, a dream which I have been looking forward to fulfill since the last five years. All work and no play make (writer) a dull boy. Certainly, but this is not true in my case as for me sports is the medium through which I release my enthusiasm and stored energy. Perhaps one would say how someone interested in math, a subject involving hard, strenuous exercises, be equally interested in sports. My answer to that is the sensational Barclays Premier League, which I have been following since 2001. If we notice, as I have mentioned earlier, everything is related to math. Little do we notice that with 20 teams, each to play the other twice the selection for total number of matches is 20P2/2 or 20C2*2.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND POLITICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND POLITICS - Essay Example The term of imperialism is usually applied when speaking about such countries as the United Kingdom, the USA, Japan, Italy, Spain and France of the 19th century. In that time these countries were trying to found empires by owning areas in Africa. This process is known as â€Å"the Scramble for Africa†. In his work dated 1916 â€Å"Imperialism, the Highest stage of Capitalism† Lenin wrote about the importance of building the strong capitalist empire that will treat other nations and will have enough power to take decisions on the world arena. According to him, imperialism implies the domination of the developed countries over the underdeveloped ones (such as African counties). Though it must be mentioned that empire-building and the desire to capture other lands has always been in the history, the Lenin’s imperialism was a specific one because of the capitalist basis. Capitalism is founded on the idea that all the power is possessed by private owners and capital s tands for the key element in the economic system. Within the turn of the 19th century the capitalism in such countries as France, Japan, the USA and the UK was characterized by a great number of monopolies. Lenin wrote in his manifest that the small privately owned companies that were the key factor of the nation prosperity according to Karl Marx were to be replaced by the big monopolies that would have fewer owners, and in other words, fewer people controlling it. Such giants of production or other business controlled the whole nation with the help of the power that capital gave to them. The thing is that the dominant elements of the economy â€Å"capital, land and wealth were concentrated in the hands of the few† (Greene, 1970). Lenin wrote: "if it was necessary to give the briefest possible definition of imperialism, we should have to say that imperialism is the monopoly stage of capitalism" (Greene, 1970). So, when the economy of one country strives for monopoly, it leads to the decrease of competition. In a while such situation in one state can project to the international arena. In order to secure the power, capital and their ownership those few people needed the support of the state. Any security implies heavy spending on military forces. According to Lenin’s theory, the monopolization of the capital leads to the army strengthening. The rate of a country’s security depended on its army and navy forces, and it in its turn depended on the industrial production that provided these departments. As a result the interests of monopolies and state linked together and there appeared tough interdependence. According to Bukharin, the counterpart of Lenin, the monopolization of economy leads to its internationalization, though this internationalization was to be slowed by the armed nations that protected their ownership and capital violently. Therefore, there was the necessity for a state to cooperate with other countries, but it was to be done carefully in order not to risk the state security. As Lenin explained, "Capitalism's transition to the stage of monopoly capitalism, to finance capital, is connected with the intensification of the struggle for the partitioning of the world" (Warren, 1980). As mentioned above the new wave of imperialism based on capitalism was founded on the scramble for weak counties in order to provide

Active Intellect in Aristotle Essay Example for Free

Active Intellect in Aristotle Essay All men by nature desire to know. An indication of this is the delight we take in our senses; for even apart from their usefulness they are loved for themselves; and above all others the sense of sight. This is the foundation of human knowledge Aristotle presents us with in Book Alpha of the Metaphysics. The next question which we must naturally ask ourselves is, How? How is it that we can have any knowledge at all? We by our very nature desire to know and we love the senses in themselves but what is the relationship between the two and by what faculty are we able to call anything knowledge once sense perception has occurred? Aristotle sets up as his faculty for knowledge both the active and the passive intellects. We begin to have knowledge through sense experience. We cannot know without sense experienceand it is from sense experience that all knowledge is therefore generated. Knowledge for Aristotle is a knowledge of universals, that is, a knowledge of Essences. Thought is thus the faculty by which we come to comprehend universals. And since material objects are a composite unity of essence and existence, it naturally follows that we grasp the universal through our encounter with the particular. What follows is a series of events which leads to knowledge. The passive intellect receives the image from the sense data and it is stamped upon the passive intellect from the material impression. From this stamp the active intellect is to draw out of it and somehow make a universal concept from this particular experience. But there is something more at work here. There is something in the mind ( more specifically in the soul) that somehow comprehends and makes universals intelligible. Various theories have been postulated concerning this but we shall concentrate on Aristotle and leave the other philosophies for now. What is at work in man is a divine reason immanent in mans soul. Somehow man is connected to and shares in divine reason. A distinction must be made here. We are not saying that the human souls capacity to grasp universals is in some way a maker or shares in the pure act of God, but that without this divine reason at work in the souls of men no understanding of universals could take place at all. The mind works on the material given to it, that is its potential, and from this material it moves to actuality. An example of this is the man who is without music becoming musical. His potential to be musical always existed in him but it wasnt until he studied the particulars of music that he became a musical  man. Aristotle refers in his Meteorology (1072, b14) that we can live a life like that of a God, a time of reason being broken down where we become aware of the oneness with the principles, whose knowledge is always actual and always complete. The active intellect does not in any way act strictly on material that was already there but undisclosed, it does act on material given to it in sense experience and illuminated by mans reason and divine reason as well. We share in the reason of God Aristotle believed. The philosopher God is a God of pure act, in other words Thought thinking Thought. This is the goal of man, to achieve a similar state of being in contemplation and reflection. And it is only through the active intellect that man is able to come to universals. The active intellect acts on the passive intellect the way an artist acts on stone to create an image. The artist impresses the form of a knowable object into the stone and the active intellect impresses a knowable object onto the passive intellect. We must not make the mistake here of understanding the active intellect as a medium between the passive intellect and the object to be known. Knowledge for Aristotle is a direct and not mediated relationship. The relationship of active to passive intellect is that of illumination shared in divine reason whereby man is able to see the universal in the particular and understand or grasp the idea of universal. This I liken to the statue made by the artist. By sharing in divine reason and the reason in his own soul (which I understand to be an imperfect representation of Gods) the artist is able to take a universal image in his soul and craft a particular. This particular statue thus becomes a representation of the universals we can synthesize through sense experience. Aquinas furthered this theory of the active intellect not as a maker but as an abstraction. This abstraction is taking the impressed species and expressing it through the faculty of the active or agent intellect. The material image is given in sense experience and then expressed as a universal to the mind by the very nature of the active intellect which is abstraction. This abstraction is how for Aquinas that we come to know universals. Gods pure act is translated here to fallen man by which he can begin his ascent to a higher existence. The active intellect in Aristotle is not a reason which creates out of nothing. It works on a material given to it, which it promotes from potentiality into actuality. The one reason is analogous to matter because it becomes all things; the other is analogous to the efficient cause because it makes all things. The first statement points to the act of apprehending, the second to that of art. Art makes its objects by making the material become them. And if the analogy is meant to be an exact one the role of the active intellect must therefore be to make the passive intellect its object so this apprehension can occur. What is potentially comes to be actually. This implies that there is something similar to Platos world of Forms insofar as man is cut off to a pre-existing knowledge and with which we are not in communication. Where Plato called it the re-collection of forgotten forms I believe Aristotle to call it divine reason actuating itself in human reason. Because all men by nature to desire to know, and by knowing we share in the being of God.

Thought and Language

Thought and Language In the field of linguistic theory, the relation between thought and language is still an emerging topic of discussion. Different linguists and psychologists stand on different views and continued their argument to define this relation whether they are interdependent or independent. Broad categories of views are present and converging theories are yet to be gained. The two extreme thought school concerning the relationship between language and thought are commonly referred to as Mould theories and Cloak theories. According to the mould theory, language constructs our thought and they are interwoven in such a way that all people are equally being affected by the confines of their language. People can be considered as mental prisoners as they are unable to think in any other way which the language he speaks does not support. The cloak theory casts a different view and described language as a cloak conforming to the customary categories of though of its speaker. In this theory, language considered only as a media to express our thoughts just like the way we can use our physical movement to represent what we are feeling. Language do not control our way of perceiving things and we imagine our world in the way we like to. There is also a middle stand between this two which also popular in the linguistic theory. Without following the extreme, this view explains that language and thought is related but a flexible sense. Sometimes language drives our thought process and again sometime we construct the language with our thoughts. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, named after the American linguist Edward Sapir and Bejamin Lee Whorf is classified as mould theory of language. In 1929, Sapir presented his belief that the possible range of human behavior is controlled by the language he speaks. It is totally dependent on the vocabulary exist in the specific language we are part of. This hypothesis is known as the strong form of Sapirs Hypothesis. It also mentioned that as different languages have different structures, barrier free communication between cross-cultural groups is impossible as they will never able to think in the same way as they are bounded by different language. After reviewing the two extreme theories of linguistic reality, I stand somewhere between the two .I think, the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis cannot be totally denied but cannot be accepted fully. There are numerous arguments which support Sapir and also cross out the hypothesis. With a deep analysis of the different views and considering the examples from real world around me, I came to the conclusion that the relation between the language and thought is a continued process. Language instructs our thought and we often directed by the way our language constructs perceive the world. For example, in our country when we say the word Pohela Boishakh, it automatically spells a magic of festivity in everyones mind. It is the Bengali New Year and now this language construct evolved in such a way that it is now motivating the thought process of the people of our country. We are getting bound to think by this word. But it is also true in the other way around. The creative minds come out with thousan ds of innovative ideas and directing the language evolution. People growing up in the same surrounding and speaking the same language can possess different thoughts and communicate different ideas which contradict with Sapirs Hypothesis. So, I am more influenced by the theory that language and speech can be though of as two intersecting circles. In their overlapping parts, thought and speech coincide to produce what is called verbal thought. Verbal thought, however, does not by any means include all forms of thought or all forms of speech. There is a vast area of thought that has no direct relation to speech. The thinking manifested in the use of tools belongs in this area, as does practical intellect in general. Furthermore, investigations by psychologists of the Wrzburg School have demonstrated that thought can function without any word images or speech movements detectable through self-observation. While discussing about the topic with my group mates Dana Satriya and Sharad, I encountered different fabrics of thought in them. Dana came from Indonesia and Sharad from India. In Danas opinion thought is an act of verbal. He seems to support Sapirs Hypothesis and mentioned that we the media informatics students came from different parts of the world. Though in Germany, we can be considered as a community but we have distinct thought process and it will eventually act as a barrier while we communicate with each other. And this distinct thoughts are somewhat influenced by the different language constructs we belong to. In some stage, I will not be able to express my inner feelings to Dana in a full sense as his language construct does allow him to think and follow my thoughts. Sharad being as an Indian got an opportunity to experience wide range of cultures and community in his country. He also agreed that language has some influence over the people as he has seen different concepts and views among the people using different language. In my opinion, it is necessary to take into account the close relationship which exists between language and thinking. Most commonly accepted idea about language and speech is that they are the way of expressing the internal thought process of an individual. People express what they feel with the means of language and speech. However, the construction of language is not evolved in a uniform way among all the people. Living in different context makes people from different parts of the world to perceive reality in different manner. The social and environmental context influence their way of living and thought. Due to perceiving the context in different ways, their use of words depends on that particular context. From generation to generation, the language is evolved while keeping the relation with social reality. As an example, in my country, Bangladesh, the landscape is flat and people live on farming. Therefore, large part of the thought process is based on the agricultural activitie s and have special part of language constructs generated to explain this process. Eventually, the new generations grow up with the special language constructs related to agriculture which influence their thought process according to Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, describing the process of language influencing the thought process. However, I think it is not in that strong way according the hypothesis that language constructs the thought. It is clearly evident that Sapir-Whorf hypothesis was built on a partially viewed concept. Whorf analyzed several examples of Native American Language, Hopi, to support his hypothesis, which state that thought is strongly based on language. According to Whorf, the Hopi language does not contain any words, grammatical constructions, or expressions that refer to the English concept of time. He goes on to explain that it is possible in the Hopi language to express the world or reality in ways other than what many languages refer to as time. The Hopi view of reality is specific to the language and can only be best expressed if one is familiar with the language. In this example where Whorf feels language strongly influences thought, he is often criticized with circularity because he infers cognitive differences between two speakers from an examination of their respective languages, (Hopi and English). His proof of cognitive differences is only based on reiteration of the linguistic differ ences. But several other studies were done which supports the hypothesis including the research on perception of color in English compared with a small tribe from Papua New Guinea called Berinmo. However, I personally contradict to some extent with the basic idea of Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. It is not entirely ignorable that language has some influence on the thought process, although it is not the only mean which drive our thoughts. It can only be considered a little part of a much bigger paradigm. As an example, we can consider the example of infants, who is yet to talk. However, it is widely accepted that children go through thought process before they even learn to talk. According to Piaget, every child has two different thought processes which are directed and undirected. Piaget says, Directed thought is conscious, i.e., it pursues an aim which is present to the mind of the thinker; it is intelligent, which means that it is adapted to reality and tries to influence it; it admits of being true or false (empirically or logically true), and it can be communicated by language. Autistic thought is subconscious, which means that the aims it pursues and the problems it tries to solve are not present in consciousness; it is not adapted to reality, but creates for itself a dream world of imagination; it tends, not to establish truths, but to satisfy desires, and it remains strictly individual and incommunicable as such by means of language. On the contrary, it works chiefly by images, and in order to express itself, has recourse to indirect methods, evoking by means of symbols and myths the feeling by which it is led. Therefore, this autistic thought is not influenced by languages and is evolved separately by the complex mental process. Same inference can be drawn for the physically retarded groups who can not speak and hear, but have their own thought process development of which is not blocked by any linguistic constructs. Language is not the driver of thoughts but thought can eventually result in language. Poets and laureates often enrich us with new and innovative language constructs to materialize their thoughts. So, in this case they are generating language with their thoughts. But there is always the other side of the coin. Language often acts as the catalyst for thought. If someone says a bitter word in a language which I dont know, it will not affect me. But if I am familiar with the word, it will certainly scatter some effect on my thought process and I will react over it. So, there are obviously many thought processes in individual which can only be motivated and initiated by the linguistic reality and not in any other way. In this context we can refer to George Lakoffs argument that language is often used metaphorically and that different languages use different cultural metaphors that reveal something about how speakers of that language think. For example English employs metaphors linkening time with money, whereas other languages may not talk about time in that fashion.So absence of language construct inhibiting the way of their thinking about time in the same way as English people do. So, the basic idea we infer from the above discussion that language and thought continuously move back and forth from thought to language and language to thought. Language helps us to think with a specific point of view and thought again develop the language. And thought is not only being expressed in words, it also comes into existence through them. Every thought relates one object to another and it moves, grows and develops, executes function and solves problem. This flow of thought occurs as inner movement which can be based on language and can also be without language. Bibliography Lev Vygotsky (1986) Thought and Language (newly revised and edited by Alex Kozulin) Ekkehart Malotki (1983) Trends in Linguistics Studies and Monographs 20 Hopi Time Thomas Tsoi The Relation between Language and Thought http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_relativity http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/language/whorf.html http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/short/whorf.html http://www.angelfire.com/journal/worldtour99/sapirwhorf.html http://www.usingenglish.com/speaking-out/language-thought-sapirwhorf.html http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/piaget.htm !Content ends here!>

Organisational Culture and Structure on Business Performance

Organisational Culture and Structure on Business Performance The success of a business depends on its management. Without management it is not possible to run or manage a business or anything else. In regard to managing businesses and associated behaviour the field of management behaviour has originated. Management behaviour is about making decisions. It helps people and businesses to concentrate on their goals and business objectives (Baligh 2006). Nowadays almost all businesses are involved in the practice of management behaviour that will be discussed here in this paper with the consideration of its different aspects. The paper will include an analysis of the effects of structure and culture on business performance. Additionally, it will also include a discussion of changes that have occurred in management in last 40 years and that may occur in next 40 years. In the end, the skill set required by an individual to operate at management level will also be discussed. Organisational structure and culture are significantly related to each other and make effects on business performance. For understanding the effects of culture and structure on business performance it is essential to understand organisational culture, structure and business performance (Ryall Craig 2003). Organisational structure is a formal system of work roles and authorities relations that determine how associates and managers work together with one other. It is a pattern of relationships among different organisational positions. With the help of structure it becomes easy to define the process of management (Clayton Fisher n.d.). It also assists with a framework of order and command that directs mangers in planning, organizing, directing and controlling different organisational activities. Organisational culture refers to the values shared by organisation managers and associates. It includes shared assumptions, beliefs, values, norms and language patterns (Ryall Craig 2003). In addition to structure and culture business performance is the ability of a firm to attain its goals by making an effective use of its resources. All these aspects are interrelated to each other and also include several factors that affect individual performance in the workplace (Orna 1999). Structure and culture are the key elements in an organisations success. If an organisation operates by concentrating on these aspects, it becomes easy to attract consumers and increasing competition. Whether a firm is small or large in its size, its effectiveness depends on how it is structure (Daft 2009). This organisational structure gets developed under the influence of the culture that in turn influences a firms ability to implement changes effectively. If a firm is able to maintain an effective culture, it becomes able to develop well-planned organisational structure that makes it easy for business managers to implement changes and attain success. Organizational structure exercises within an organizational culture, but it is interrelated (Ryall Craig 2003). Organizational culture pertains to a broader view that includes number of small organisational issues and aspects (Harris Hartman 2001). On the other hand, organisational structure refers to the infrastructure, and the number of methods and practices employed within that infrastructure (Clayton Fisher n.d.). All the methods and practices assist an organisations culture to operate with the competence and consistency. In modern era organisations are evaluated on the basis of their culture and structure that need to be managed critically. Structure is an integral part of an organisation culture as it primarily deal with the establishment of culture that in turn motivates employees to work effectively in the direction of organisational goals (Orna 1999). If a firm is not able to integrate its structure with culture it would not become able to encourage its employees to take initiatives and implement changes successfully that are critical for its effective performance (Baligh 2006). Organisation culture involves several issues like how management works, which particular obligations supervisors have and how a complaint or issues can be passed through different organisational levels. All these issues related to culture are directly associated to how a firms organisational structure works. In addition to this, there are also several other issues related to culture that can only be resolved through an effective organisational structure (Clayton Fisher n.d.). For effective performance of business it is vital to resolve these issue as otherwise it would not be possible to attain determined profit goals and objectives. Another significant way to describe the interrelationship between structure and culture and their effect on business performance is to identify that how structure works. Organisational structure allows formation of different interrelated groups that are allowed to operate smoothly with specific role and authorities (Orna 1999). This framework or teams allows effective communication and coordination that builds a healthy culture and motivates employees to work in the direction of organisation goals attainment (Jumpponen, Ikà ¤valko Pihkala 2008). Structure defines the roles and responsibilities of every individual and their interrelation to serve customers. This clear roles and responsibilities increases effective communication and coordination between organisation tasks and jobs that facilitates in developing a positive culture in which everyone works with association and participation (Clayton Fisher n.d.). All these aspects significantly help managers in attaining organisation mission and vision. Changes occurred in Management over the last 40 Years According to senior level employees who are about to retire, it is believed that over the last 40 years several changes have occurred in management and this could be interpreted with the help of evolution of different organisational and motivational theories used by organisations. Previously in regard to management, organisations used to adopt scientific and bureaucratic approach that in present has been replaced by system theory and contingency approaches (Luthans 1998). Previously all organisations used to motivate its employees on the basis of Maslow-Need hierarchy that in present is replaced by McClelland theory and several other theories. Before 40 years, all employees were only responsible for handling their specific tasks but nowadays situation has changed a lot as in present employees are responsible for planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling (McKenna 2000). In old times, it was not essential to play multi-purpose role that in present has become critical for effective management. In past, almost all organizations used to Webers concept of bureaucratic structures but the increased complexity of multinational organizations has now created the requirement of a new structures like functional, project management, matrix and virtual (Luthans 1998). In addition to structure, several other new aspects have emerged in regard to management like different strategy levels, system approach to decision-making, socialization, departmentation, and different leadership theories etc (Harris Hartman 2001). All these concepts were not there in past for managing businesses but now scenario has changed completely as every business has its own specific needs and requirements and all of them select different management approaches according to their suitability (Jumpponen, Ikà ¤valko Pihkala 2008). In past almost all firms or businesses used to operate with empirical or case approach but now it is not the situation as firms operate with different approaches as competition has increased a lot and it has become difficult to attract customers. In regard to increased competition, the companies are making use of different management approaches. Some present firms are using system approach that considers organisations to be open system whereas some of them are making use of operational approach that endeavours to develop the science and theory of management by drawing upon the concepts, knowledge, techniques from other fields (Luthans 1998). In between these two approaches there are several other approaches that were used throughout last 40 years. In this way, it can be said that the business environment has changed significantly from the time when present senior level managers started working (McKenna 2000). All present senior level managers commit that they have seen several changes in the process of management but all these changes are based on the altering situations, trends and emerging technologies (Harris Hartman 2001). Changes likely to occur in Management in coming 40 Years In regard to the discussion of the changes occurred in management in last 40 years, it can be stated that it is also likely to change in next 40 years. In present almost every aspects of business and its management are changing that will also continue to alter in coming years. An individual who is about to start his career in present 21st century is exposed with significant challenges and is likely to confront several other key changes (Pappas 2006). In present employees are required to play several roles like interpersonal, information and decision making roles but in coming time employees will be required to operate in virtual environment. Presently employees are making use of advanced systems, discussion, meetings to collect information and perform their duties but in future they could do all these things in a virtual environment (Luthans 1998). As well, employees who are about to start their professional career will also confront changes in their roles, levels of management, communication, business strategy, approaches to management and tools used to manage business related aspects (Jumpponen, Ikà ¤valko Pihkala 2008). The pattern of communication and business management followed till now will substantially changes in coming 40 years. From last half decade the electronic mail has emerged as a key element of corporate communication but in coming years it will also change. In coming years, the management of communication will also change in regard to the change in organisational structures and cultures (Harris Hartman 2001). The employees will be exposed to make use of powerful information-management and collaboration tools that are likely to emerge. With these tools, employees will become able to link associated messages and track message flows more expeditiously (Pappas 2006). As well, it is also believed that the automatic language translation will take foot hold and interconnected messaging will appropriate young employees and managers with a facility to check e-mail, mobile messaging, voice mail, and fax machine from an only inbox (Fast Forward: 25 Trends That Will Change the Way You Do Business 2003). In regard to the changes in communication and business management, it can be said that in coming 40 years most of the employees will depend more on computers rather than their own evaluations or perceptions. More and more softwares will be employed for different jobs and roles that will increase human capabilities (McKenna 2000). In next 40 years, it is likely that the firms and its employees will growingly make use of artificial intelligence to solve different business problems and the pattern of doing work will also change as everyone will be allowed to operate in a virtual environment (Fast Forward: 25 Trends That Will Change the Way You Do Business 2003). Skills Set Required to Work at Management level Working at management level is not as easy as it seems because it involves different skill sets and an ability to involve in team work and group. Nowadays managers are responsible for different roles that cannot be fulfilled if they operate on their own without communicating and coordinating with others. A manager is responsible for performing five functions that are planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling (Drucker 2007). In addition to this, a manager is also required to interact with many people both within the organisation and outside the organisation and hence perform interpersonal roles (Montana Charnov 2000). For effective interactions and management it is vital to have an ability to communicate, understand, listen, interpret, convince and lead others. If an individual have all these skills and abilities then he can effectively interact with organisations internal as well as external customers and associates. With these skills, a manager can easily play interpersonal roles that may be of figurehead, leader and liaison (Drucker 2007). With the above discussed skills a manager also become able to perform his informational (recipient, disseminator, and spokesperson) and decision roles (entrepreneurs, disturbance handle, resource allocator and negotiator). In addition to these skills several other skills are also required by an individual to operate at management levels that are as follows: Technical Skills: Technical skills pertain to the ability of an individual to perform specific activity. In order to perform specific activity an individual should have all-essential knowledge of methods, processes and procedures as otherwise it would not be possible to carry out given task or duty (Atwood 2008). This could also be understood with the help of examples of some positions like engineers, accountants, computer specialists and project managers who have necessary technical skills for their specialized fields. These skills are essential for an individual to operate at management level as he may also be given responsibility to manage and evaluate others. Without technical skills, it would not be possible for an individual to operate at management level that includes functions like planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling (Pride, Hughes Kapoor 2009). Human Skills: Human skills required by an individual to operate at management level are also known as interpersonal skills. It refers to the ability of an individual to work well with other people in a group or team. It refers to the ability of an individual to direct, motivate and communicate with people to help them to attain given objectives (Drucker 2007). These skills are highly important for a person in regard to the creation of an environment in which everyone feels comfortable, free to communicate and share their opinions. This kind of environment can only be create when a manager have human skills. With human skills, a manager can help its employees throughout their interactions with supervisors, peers and people outside the work like customers, suppliers and public. These skills are imperative for an individual to operate at all management levels of an organisation (Montana Charnov 2000). Conceptual Skills: Conceptual skills mean the ability of an individual to think and conceptualize abstract situations. It refers to the ability to comprehend and match up all essential corporate objectives and activities. These skills are critically required when a person is employed at top management level as top managers are highly required to predict changes and see big picture in regard to future (Montana Charnov 2000). Top managers are required to interpret present internal and external changes and trends for the identification of future business strategies. Without conceptual skills an individual cannot operate at management level as it is essential to identify meaning and develop business strategies accordingly (Drucker 2007). The significance of this skill set can also be understood in regard to present competition that requires managers to make appropriate interpretations and appropriate business plans and strategies accordingly. Design Skills: In addition to technical, human and conceptual skills an individual who is going to work at management level is also required to have design skills. Design skills refer to an individuals ability to identify solutions of problems in a way that can significantly benefit organisation. Having the design skills is essential for individuals that are going to operate at management level as at this level there is a critical need of solution rather than just identifying problems (Montana Charnov 2000). Until or unless an individual is not able to propose solutions of different organisational problems with his design skills, he would not be appropriate to work at management level. Conclusion With the help of above discussion, it can be said that management behaviour is an important practice that should be followed by all organisations for attaining an assured success. With the considerations of management related aspects like structure, culture and their interrelationship, affect on business performance a firm can become able to attain high profits and increased performance (Montana Charnov 2000). As well, the evaluation of changes occurred in management in last 40 years and the changes that can occur in coming 40 years is also quite effective as it directs present companies with all essential changes that they should follow for attaining their aims and objectives. Additionally, the identification of skill set required for an individual to operate at management level is also critical as with this a firm can hire or develop employees accordingly. An appropriate skills set is essential to effectively work at management level.

The Culture of Montserrat ::

The Culture of Montserrat Culture on the island of Montserrat can be most easily characterized through the examination of the many natural forces influencing the lifestyles and customs of its people. Montserrat’s physical features have played a crucial role in shaping the attire, diet, shelter, and crops of the island’s inhabitants. Volcanic rocks and native plants scattered throughout the island were the source of a number of customs that remain prevalent in contemporary Montserratian culture. Prior to colonization by the British, the island of Montserrat was occupied by a number of Amerindian groups from Venezuela who made their living through fishing and cultivation. There is evidence from a small artifact found in the soil from roughly 500 B.C.E. that the first inhabitants of Montserrat were the Ciboney, known as the ‘stone people.’ The Arawaks arrived on the island around 400 C.E. and built their villages near the coastline. These were a peaceful people who made their living fishing and gardening, and made ceramic vessels, stone tools, and conch shell adzes. While the Arawaks had a few centuries on the island, at the time of European contact the Caribs had gained dominance by driving them to the north. By 1500 the cannibalistic Caribs practiced both permanent and shifting cultivation and built their villages and gardens near the coast with a pole framework and leaf thatch. Caribs grew a mix of economic plants for cultivation, including many from South America and some from the Old World, which modified Montserrat’s vegetative cover in addition to some structures, composed of saplings, reeds, and foliage. The Carib name for Montserrat was Alliouagana, meaning â€Å"island of the prickly bush,† which most likely referred to the native species of Acacia. When Montserrat was first settled in 1632, British colonial officials believed the land and people of their island colonies to be profitable machines and this view greatly determined the way in which a culture based on agricultural production and slave labor emerged. The British had sent Irish Catholics from St. Kitts to colonize Montserrat and these people were growing tobacco and sugar by 1654. By the 1650s, English and Anglo-Irish landowners formed the wealthy ruling class, and Irish indentured servants formed the bulk of the population. The Culture of Montserrat :: The Culture of Montserrat Culture on the island of Montserrat can be most easily characterized through the examination of the many natural forces influencing the lifestyles and customs of its people. Montserrat’s physical features have played a crucial role in shaping the attire, diet, shelter, and crops of the island’s inhabitants. Volcanic rocks and native plants scattered throughout the island were the source of a number of customs that remain prevalent in contemporary Montserratian culture. Prior to colonization by the British, the island of Montserrat was occupied by a number of Amerindian groups from Venezuela who made their living through fishing and cultivation. There is evidence from a small artifact found in the soil from roughly 500 B.C.E. that the first inhabitants of Montserrat were the Ciboney, known as the ‘stone people.’ The Arawaks arrived on the island around 400 C.E. and built their villages near the coastline. These were a peaceful people who made their living fishing and gardening, and made ceramic vessels, stone tools, and conch shell adzes. While the Arawaks had a few centuries on the island, at the time of European contact the Caribs had gained dominance by driving them to the north. By 1500 the cannibalistic Caribs practiced both permanent and shifting cultivation and built their villages and gardens near the coast with a pole framework and leaf thatch. Caribs grew a mix of economic plants for cultivation, including many from South America and some from the Old World, which modified Montserrat’s vegetative cover in addition to some structures, composed of saplings, reeds, and foliage. The Carib name for Montserrat was Alliouagana, meaning â€Å"island of the prickly bush,† which most likely referred to the native species of Acacia. When Montserrat was first settled in 1632, British colonial officials believed the land and people of their island colonies to be profitable machines and this view greatly determined the way in which a culture based on agricultural production and slave labor emerged. The British had sent Irish Catholics from St. Kitts to colonize Montserrat and these people were growing tobacco and sugar by 1654. By the 1650s, English and Anglo-Irish landowners formed the wealthy ruling class, and Irish indentured servants formed the bulk of the population.

Odysseus in The Odyssey Essay -- Papers Odyssey Homer Essays

Odysseus in The Odyssey Odysseus is the main character in an epic poem called the Odyssey. In the poem Odysseus has had some bad luck getting home, with some of the gods helping him and some hindering him; his journey towards home is a constant struggle. In this poem we see a man being broke and rebuilt, through constant irony his faith was damaged and without the help of Athena he probably would have given up on his journey. Through his hard work and wise spirit he finally does achieve his goal. Odysseus must journey from Troy to his homeland of Ithaca. Throughout this journey Odysseus experiences a lot of inconsistent emotions. A lot of this is attributed to the physical and mental hell he goes through on this remarkable journey. With the help of the Gods he finally does return to Ithaca. Odysseus arrives on the shore of Phaecia, in Book VI of the Odyssey. His most helpful and favorable goddess has sent Nausicaa a dream compelling her to wash clothes in preparation for an upcoming marriage. Athena makes Nausicaa brave and Odysseus handsome bringing them together in order to assist Odysseus to the house of the king. Athena said ? How so remiss, and yet thy mothers daughter? Leaving thy clothes uncared for, Nausikaa, when thou must have store a marriage linen, and put thy minstresly in wedding dress? (Book 6). In this book is an example of the gods assisting Odysseus, which compels me to question how great Odysseus really was? A god can make even a coward a hero (not saying Odysseus was a coward). Almost everything is done to help Odysseus and so he is fortunate to have the support of the gods especially in this book. ?But Athena poured a sea of fog around him as he went her loves expedient, that no jeer... ...he gods commands and travels inward till no man has seen the ocean. Carrying his large oar across his back and placing it in the dirt where a man asks him if the oar is a widowing fan. Odysseus is very wise. It would have been easy to have stayed at home and rested, but he knew what happened to people who did not obey the gods. In Conclusion, I have laid out some evidence showing Odysseus?s strength?s, Bravery, and faith. Also I have given examples of his dependency of the gods. I don?t believe anyone would argue that Odysseus was not a great man. Although I argue that he was still only a man. Between all of his hardships and troubles I will grant that he never lost faith and never chose a fate other than home. Works Cited Homer. ?The Odyssey,? World Masterpieces: Expanded Edition. Maynard Mack ed. Ed. Coptic St.: Prentice, 1995. 219-503.

How to Write a 20 Page Research Paper in Under a Day

How to Write a 20 Page Research Paper in Under a Day So you've procrastinated again. You told yourself you wouldn't do this 2 months ago when your professor assigned you this. But you procrastinated anyway. Shame on you. It's due in a few hours. What are you going to do? Pick a Topic The important thing about this is to think of ABSOLUTELY EVERYTHING, no matter how silly or far-fetched. It'll make your professor go â€Å"hmm, didn't think about that one†. You can even get your friends to help you with this one. The more the merrier. It's best to do this on a computer, because†¦ Reorder everything Put your most obvious argument first. Then put weird off the wall stuff, regardless of importance. Put the strongest argument for your case next. Now list the incidents that will help argue for your point. Don't know of any incidents in the news to help argue your point? That's ok. Make up some, except keep it really really generic. When it comes time to quote the source, remember this: There are over 6 billion people in the world. There are countless newspapers and other sources that document people doing†¦ stuff. If you list incidents that are generic enough and your topic isn't extremely weird, at least one person out there has done something notable/stupid/crazy enough to make it to the news. Also, people have sued each other over everything imaginable. Find a court case database. Your topic has SOMEHOW manifested itself in court at some point in history. I can almost guarantee it. Just make sure that the situations you come up with are physically possible. Now, list everything that could be construed to be the answer to the question â€Å"if elected, what would you do about this issue? † It's best to keep all this in the form of an outline. Spaces Now add several lines of space under each bullet. Keep adding spaces until your text document has reached the goal size of your paper. Now print it out. Get the hell away from your computer The reason why you should do this is because everyone magically becomes ADD when they are near a computer. You can check your AIM messages later. Write Write a fiery rant in each of the spaces you alloted. Get pumped. Just don't begin every paragraph with â€Å"I swear upon my father's grave†¦ † Also try not to repeat yourself too much. Be very specific. Talk to your reader as though they've never heard of your subject before. Write at about the same size that your typed version will be. Don't worry too much if you don't fill in all the spaces. But if you feel strongly enough about your topic, then this really shouldn't be a problem. If you're like me and can't think linearly you can skip around as much as you want. Go Back Inside Type everything. You'll also notice more things occur to you as you type. Go ahead and throw them in in the corresponding categories. Don't jump around too much at this point though. Maintain focus and bash out that essay as fast as possible. Although you should do this as fast as possible, be a typo nazi. Those little things really make it evident you did this at the last minute. Time for that whole â€Å"research† part Believe it or not, nothing you said was original. Remember what I said earlier about 6 billion people? Apply now. Pick each topic/case/scenario/subpoint. Anything you had to say about those has already been said by some scholar or professor or newspaper. Google it up. It won't take long. Take a few key words from your main argument of each section and see what you get. Paraphrase their main argument or quote a few lines. Add the proper citations. Do NOT plagiarize. Formatting Print. Turn in. Good job. Have a cookie.

Brand Naming: Kraft Foods’ ‘Isnack 2.O’ Controversy in Australia

Australia; Consumer packaged goods Abstract: This case is about Kraft Foods Inc's decision to launch a breakfast spread with the name ‘iSnack 2. 0' in Australia, and the controversy that followed which forced the company to withdraw the brand name. The company had decided to give the name ‘iSnack 2. 0' to a new version of the Australian food icon – Vegemite – in September 2009. While the company felt that the name it had arrived at after conducting an on-line brand naming contest would appeal to the generation Y segment who were using popular products such as the iPod and the iPhone, the target segment rejected the name outright and there was a huge backlash against the company. Marketing and branding experts were divided in their reactions to Kraft's branding exercise. While some experts felt that this was a genuine misjudgment on the part of the company, others felt that it was a clever marketing ploy to raise awareness about its new product. While the debate on this issue raged on, experts were almost unanimous in their view that this episode would not only be remembered as a horrible example in the history of branding, but would also serve as a valuable lesson in branding strategy for all marketers. The case will help students to: (1) understand the issues and challenges in naming a brand (new brand, brand extension, rebranding); (2) analyze the effectiveness of crowd sourcing in branding decisions; (3) appreciate the importance of marketing research in branding decisions; (4) analyze the pros and cons of using social media as a marketing tool to generate publicity for a product; (5) understand why the target segment rejected the brand name ‘iSnack 2. ‘ for the brand extension of the iconic Vegemite brand; (6) discuss and debate whether Kraft's decision was a deliberate attempt to create controversy to create awareness for its new product and the related ethical issues; and (7) explore ways in which Kraft could have made the branding campaign more effective and also explore branding strategies that Kraft's marketing team can adopt in the future. This case is meant for MBA / MS students as part of the brand management / consumer behavior/ marketing communications curriculum. The teaching note includes the abstract, teaching objectives and methodology, assignment questions, feedback of the case discussion, and additional readings and references. It does not contain an analysis of the case.

Cold War Essay

My Name is Eric Novembre. I am sophomore in high school. Everyone can confirm that I am a average student but I am lazy. My favorite subjects are geometry and U. S. history. I am going to enter the University because my goal is to study my favorite subjects in future and to become a professional in this area. I can say that I am a responsible and hard-working student. Moreover, being a sociable person, I have many friends since I like to communicate with people and get acquainted with new interesting individuals. I enjoy my time at school: it is really nice to study and the students are very friendly and ready to help. The atmosphere cannot but make me want to go there every time. I like to receive challenging tasks and cope with them. I am a very enthusiastic student and I think this is a strong point of mine. My friends say I am a very funny with a good sense of humor. As soon as I meet new people who are up to me I feel extremely comfortable with them. I believe that friendship is one of the most important values in human life. We exchange new ideas, find many interesting things about each other, have new experiences. I appreciate friendship and people who surround me. I get okay grades only because I am not motivated and lazy but next year I will step it up. Every time I do my best to be a straight, honest and principled person. I am a good kid to my parents and other elders. My family is a big part of my life and they help me a lot with school. They are real treasures in my life and I appreciate them so much.

Social Media Strategy – Retail Boutique

The Plaid Door – Social Media strategy Goals  : – Awareness – Generate new leads, which will in turn result in paying customers. So your social media strategy will be centered around targeting new prospects and drive them to your website and to the Plaid Door boutique. This would include some very targeted campaigns. – Customer service / Interaction. You want to use Social Media to be able to communicate with your customers much better and to be able to dynamically interact with them on a daily basis in order to really build those relationships.Your strategy here then would be much more about manning your page, instant responses to questions & queries. Target audience  : * Mostly women * Aged between 20 and 55 Social-Media sites  : Facebook / Twitter  / Pinterest Social Media Site #1: Facebook Facebook was created in 2003, and since then it has grown into the largest site for peer-to-peer connection and communication. A Facebook page allows organi zations to garner fans and post updates. It also allows for solid feedback, as fans can â€Å"like† certain posts or they can comment on them in opposition.Organizations can even arrange to have to have their name as part of the Facebook page URL for easy access and recognition. Many nonprofit groups have seen success through hosting contests and posting special information on their pages. Recommendations  : 1. Add Like Box on your website. Like Box is a social plug-in which you add on your website so your visitors are able to like your page directly from your website. They just need to be logged in. Your visitors most likely will like your fan page since they also can stay updated liking your fan page.This is great way to promote your Facebook fan page. 2. Post/tweet about your new Facebook page. You should inform your readers or twitter followers about your new Facebook page. Make post or update about it and tell them why they should join. 3. Reward your fans or make a co ntest. You can reward your fans if they help you promote Facebook fan page. Also you can make a contest and reward those who referred your page to most people. As a reward you can offer some coupons or rebates on  «Ã‚  private shopping night  Ã‚ » You can run â€Å"fans only† contests, so more people tend to join and like your page. . Use Facebook ads. You can spend some money to advertise your page using Facebook advertising marketing tool. Create multiple adverts to help build an audience for your Page. Use the targeting options to show your adverts to only the people you want reach. See which versions of your adverts work best 5. Influence the friends of your fans. Encourage check-ins, participation in events or create an offer to encourage more activity on your Page. When people interact with the content on your Page, their friends are eligible to see the activity.When people do things such as like, comment or check-in to your Page, you can promote those activities to their friends. 6. Connect Twitter and Facebook. You can connect those two social medias using Involver. com so whatever you post on Twitter should be  posted on Facebook page and vice versa. 7. Hold a weekly event. Pick one day or one hour every week and pick one activity to do repeatedly every week, for example a tutorial on how to refashion clothes. Start promoting your event every week to your friends / fans, build up to it on the wall, create a facebook event about it and invite all your friends.Just start slowly and gradually more and more people will hear about it and begin to attend your weekly event. 8. Hold a caption contest. For example on refashioned clothes. 9. Use Facebook’s Questions feature to poll your fans for their opinions. 10. Always respond to likes / comments / shares etc. Your appreciation will encourage engagement. 11. Post photos. Images are one of the biggest activities online. For example you can post photos of some new arrivals clothes, of the P laid Door boutique, people working at the Plaid Door†¦ 12. Ask your likers to â€Å"Suggest to Friends† on a monthly basis.Post a Status Update and send an Update to fans asking them to suggest your page to their Facebook friends. Let them know that they can easily suggest your page by clicking the ‘Suggest to Friends' link just under your Page's image in the left column. Inspiring your Likers to help build your community is one of the easiest ways to quickly grow your supporter base. 13. Get your organization's staff and volunteers involved. Ask those people closest to your nonprofit to support your Facebook page by posting comments and liking your posts. Encourage them to include the Plaid Door social information on their email signature. 4. Post about branded clothes you have. Make it special; encourage people to come check this out so they can get a good deal. 15. Set up a Google Alert for your organization’s name to keep track of what people are saying. Social Media Site #2: Twitter Over the past few years, the popularity of Twitter has exploded. Twitter is essentially a forum to share messages, but these messages have a 140-character limit. Although this might restrict some of the creative opportunities for businesses, there are still ways to push out meaningful information. Recommendations  : 1. Use Hashtags Strategically.Twitter does a great job of grouping topics together through the use of â€Å"hashtags. † A hashtag is symbolized by the â€Å"#† character and it can be put before any word. This hyperlinks the word, and it is then clumped together with similar tweets. Now, there is some science to this. Twitter has a feature on the left-hand side on the screen that lists â€Å"trending topics† for the given geographical region. This is essentially a list of topics that people have hashtagged and are interested in at that time. If an organization can somehow find a way to tie in one of these trending t opics to its tweet, it has a better chance of being seen.This is difficult because the trending topics won't always be totally relevant, but having a creative mind that can make the two messages connect will do wonders for an organization's exposure. 2. Distribute Coupons and Discounts. Twitter is a great platform for distributing special offers and hosting contests. For example, you could tweet about a 30 percent off coupon, but make it applicable only to those who can show that they received the tweet on their computer or phone. Another example: you could host a contest, such as offering a prize to the person who re-tweets the organization the most or recruits the most followers.This allows companies to form more personal relationships with their target demographics. Social Media Site #3: Pinterest Pinterest, which launched in 2010, has grown to more than 10 million users. Every day, people use the website to â€Å"pin† images and videos to their personal pin boards so the y can save and share the things they love. The site gets social when people follow each other and repin or comment on each other’s pins. Pinterest's users tend to be women, and the majority of them are 25 to 54 years old, according to recently released demographic data.Although there are some exceptions, most content on Pinterest falls into stereotypically female niches, including home decor, recipes, crafts and apparel. This corresponds to your target audience. Recommendations  : 1. Add a â€Å"Pin It† Button to Your Organization's Website. By adding a â€Å"Pin It† button to your organization's website, visitors then have the option to pin any of the images from your site on one of their boards. 2. Get the Community Involved. Pinterest is a good way to facilitate community involvement.This ensures that people are actually interacting with their community, and it allows the organization to get to know its customers and donors on a more intimate level. 3. Enc ourage Employees To Pin. Pinterest is far from static. Users are pinning every minute and it can quickly become a challenge for an organization to stay on top of its ball game. In order to make sure that your organization is in front of the competition, you can encourage all workers to open a Pinterest account and create boards. They can then pin images that are relevant to the organization's values and overarching goals.A somewhat lesser known fact is that Pinterest users can actually upload and pin videos as well as still photographs. 4. Create group pinboards and crowdsource?. Create group pinboards and invite other users to pin content to those boards. For example, ask customers to pin pictures of themselves using your products. You also could hold a contest to crowdsource pins. Ask customers to review your business or product on your website and pin a quote from their review to a special contest pinboard. You benefit from more reviews and a pinboard that’s filled with te stimonials. 5. Don’t use pinterest for direct marketing?.Pinterest states that the site should not be used for direct marketing, advertising or sales. Excessive and overt self-promotion is clearly unacceptable, so make sure you’re pinning diverse content, not just pictures of your products. You need to get creative and use Pinterest for indirect marketing. For example, fill pin boards with seasonal items, color coordinated images, gift ideas and so on. 6. Don’t pin anything and everything?. Stay focused, but don’t be afraid to pin interesting content that your target audience would enjoy and that’s at least loosely connected to your business.Such content can help give your brand more personality. For example: You can create boards about hairstyle or home decor or craft, these subject are relevant to your target audience. 7. Give your followers a look at your non-profit from behind the scenes. Pin images that show staff and volunteers working with y our organization, as well as those who benefit from that work. It’s a good idea to show supporters the human faces behind your logo. 8. â€Å"Photo of the Day†. You can create a board where you will pin everyday of photo of an new item in the Plaid Door Boutique. . Create a board with tutorials on how to refashion clothes. 10. Repin/Highlight Other Non-Profits. Like all forms of social media, Pinterest isn’t a place to over-promote. Avoid this is by mixing original pinning with repins of images from other non-profits within your sphere of influence. Users receive an email notification when their images are repinned and they are credited on your repin, which can increase their following. The non-profit you repin may return the favor, allowing Pinterest to become a channel for valuable, non-disruptive cross-promotion.